Keywords
Battle of Cunaxa
Great King Artaxerxes II
armament
forces
fight
Great King Artaxerxes II
armament
forces
fight
How to Cite
Podrazik, Michał. 2025. “Wielki Król W Bitwie Pod Kunaksą (401 R. Przed Chr.) W świetle źródeł Klasycznych”. In Gremium. Studies in History, Culture and Politics, no. 18 (February), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.61826/ig.vi18.471.
Abstract
In the battle of Cunaxa, fought in 401 BC near Babylon, clashed the forces of the Great King Artaxerxes II (404-359 BC) and his younger brother Cyrus, known as Cyrus the Younger, who exercised power in Anatolia. The victory was won by Artaxerxes’ forces, consolidating his rule in the Achaemenid Empire. The present article focuses on the Great King in this battle and the forces stationing close to him. The events taking place on the central frontline, involving the Great King and his accompanying forces are analyzed as well.
References
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Brennan S, Introduction. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. xiii-xlix.
Brennan S., Xenophon’s Anabasis: A Socratic History, Edinburgh 2022.
Cawkwell G., When, How and Why did Xenophon Write the Anabasis. In R. Lane Fox (ed.), The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, New Haven - London 2004, pp. 47-67.
Develin R., Introduction. In Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, trans. by J.C. Yardley, with introduction and explanatory notes by R. Develin, Atlanta 1994, pp. 1-11.
Dillery J., „Introduction”, w: Xenophon, Anabasis, with an English Translation by C.L. Brownson, revised by J. Dillery, Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 2001, pp. 1-37.
Głogowski P., Cyrus the Younger and his Persians: The Dynamics of Power, “Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies” 2020, 60, pp. 165-191.
Głogowski P., Wyprawa Cyrusa i odwrót dziesięciu tysięcy w przekazie Diodora (14.19-31; 37.1-4): przekład i komentarz, “Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae” 2018, 28 (1), pp. 5-32 [DOI: 10.14746/sppgl.2018.XXVIII.1.1].
Lee J.W.I., Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II, 401 BC: An Achaemenid Civil War Reconsidered. In J.J. Collins and J.G. Manning (eds.), Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire, Leiden - Boston 2016, pp. 103-121.
Lee J.W.I., A Greek Army on the March. Soldiers and Survival in Xenophon’s Anabasis, Cambridge 2007.
Lendle O., Kommentar zur Xenophons Anabasis (Bücher 1-7), Darmstadt 1995.
Liddell H.G. and Scott R., A Greek-English Lexicon, compiled by H.G. Liddell and R. Scott revised and augmented throughout by Sir H.S. Jones with the assistance of R. McKenzie and with the cooperation of many scholars, with a revised supplement, Oxford 1996.
Manning S., Armed Force in the Teispid-Achaemenid Empire. Past Approaches, Future Prospects, Stuttgart 2021.
Olbrycht M.J., Aleksander Wielki i świat irański, Rzeszów 2004.
Olbrycht M.J., Konnica Wielkiego Króla. Uwagi na temat taktyki jazdy irańskiej w epoce Achemenidów. In R. Kulesza, M. Stępień, E. Szabat, M. Daszuta (red.), Świat starożytny. Państwo i społeczeństwo, Warszawa 2013, pp. 50-59.
Podrazik M., Cyrus Młodszy i Hellenowie. Irańsko-greckie relacje polityczno-militarne w latach 408-404 przed Chr., Oświęcim 2018.
Podrazik M., Cyrus Młodszy, Tissafernes i miasta jońskie, 403-402 r. przed Chr., “Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis” 2019, IV, pp. 6-20.
Podrazik M., Lojalność i zdrada dowódców oraz dostojników w imperium Achemenidów za panowania Wielkiego Króla Artakserksesa II, “Studia Historica Gedanensia” 2021, 12, pp. 37-52.
Podrazik M., Rebellions against the Great King in the Achaemenid Empire: Some Remarks, “Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia” 2017, 8, pp. 277-291.
Podrazik M., Some Remarks on the Battle of Cunaxa (401 BC), “Res Historica” 2022, 53, pp. 25-44 [DOI: 10.17951/rh.2022.53.25-44].
Podrazik M., The King’s Horsemen in the Battle of Cunaxa, “Mnemosyne” 2023, 76 (5), pp. 749-768 [DOI: 10.1163/1568525X-BJA10138].
Podrazik M., Xenophon on the Achaemenid gerrhophoroi, “Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia” 2022, 11, pp. 39-59.
Proc B., Wstęp. In Plutarch z Cheronei, Żywot Artakserksesa, wstęp, tekst grecki, przekład, komentarz B. Proc, Lublin 2019, pp. 9-44.
Rop J., The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger, “Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies” 2019, 59, pp. 57-85.
Schmidt E.F., Persepolis II: Contests of the Treasury and Other Discoveries, Chicago 1957.
Sekunda N., The Persian Army 560-330 BC, London 1992.
Stylianou P.J., One Anabasis or Two? In R. Lane Fox (ed.), The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, New Haven - London 2004, pp. 68-96.
The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, ed. by S. Brennan and D. Thomas, New York 2021.
Thomas D., Appendix L: The Battle of Cunaxa. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 359-365.
Thomas D., Appendix M: Other Ancient Sources on the Ten Thousand. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 366-374.
Thomas D., Appendix W: Brief Biographies of Selected Characters in Anabasis. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 453-486.
Tuplin C., All the King’s Horse: in Search of Achaemenid Persian Cavalry. In G.G. Fagan and M. Trundle (eds.), New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, Leiden - Boston 2010, pp. 101-182.
Wójcikowski R.S., Kawaleria perska w okresie wczesnosasanidzkim. Aspekty społeczne i militarne. Tom I: Konnica w Iranie przed Sasanidami, Kampanie sasanidzkie, Oświęcim 2014.
Wójcikowski R.S., Konnica irańska w okresie późnoachemenidzkim. In E. Dąbrowa, M. Dzielska, M. Salamon, S. Sprawski (red.), Hortus Historiae. Księga pamiątkowa ku czci profesora Józefa Wolskiego w setną rocznicę urodzin, Kraków 2010, pp. 123-134.
Brennan S, Introduction. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. xiii-xlix.
Brennan S., Xenophon’s Anabasis: A Socratic History, Edinburgh 2022.
Cawkwell G., When, How and Why did Xenophon Write the Anabasis. In R. Lane Fox (ed.), The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, New Haven - London 2004, pp. 47-67.
Develin R., Introduction. In Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, trans. by J.C. Yardley, with introduction and explanatory notes by R. Develin, Atlanta 1994, pp. 1-11.
Dillery J., „Introduction”, w: Xenophon, Anabasis, with an English Translation by C.L. Brownson, revised by J. Dillery, Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 2001, pp. 1-37.
Głogowski P., Cyrus the Younger and his Persians: The Dynamics of Power, “Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies” 2020, 60, pp. 165-191.
Głogowski P., Wyprawa Cyrusa i odwrót dziesięciu tysięcy w przekazie Diodora (14.19-31; 37.1-4): przekład i komentarz, “Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae” 2018, 28 (1), pp. 5-32 [DOI: 10.14746/sppgl.2018.XXVIII.1.1].
Lee J.W.I., Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II, 401 BC: An Achaemenid Civil War Reconsidered. In J.J. Collins and J.G. Manning (eds.), Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire, Leiden - Boston 2016, pp. 103-121.
Lee J.W.I., A Greek Army on the March. Soldiers and Survival in Xenophon’s Anabasis, Cambridge 2007.
Lendle O., Kommentar zur Xenophons Anabasis (Bücher 1-7), Darmstadt 1995.
Liddell H.G. and Scott R., A Greek-English Lexicon, compiled by H.G. Liddell and R. Scott revised and augmented throughout by Sir H.S. Jones with the assistance of R. McKenzie and with the cooperation of many scholars, with a revised supplement, Oxford 1996.
Manning S., Armed Force in the Teispid-Achaemenid Empire. Past Approaches, Future Prospects, Stuttgart 2021.
Olbrycht M.J., Aleksander Wielki i świat irański, Rzeszów 2004.
Olbrycht M.J., Konnica Wielkiego Króla. Uwagi na temat taktyki jazdy irańskiej w epoce Achemenidów. In R. Kulesza, M. Stępień, E. Szabat, M. Daszuta (red.), Świat starożytny. Państwo i społeczeństwo, Warszawa 2013, pp. 50-59.
Podrazik M., Cyrus Młodszy i Hellenowie. Irańsko-greckie relacje polityczno-militarne w latach 408-404 przed Chr., Oświęcim 2018.
Podrazik M., Cyrus Młodszy, Tissafernes i miasta jońskie, 403-402 r. przed Chr., “Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis” 2019, IV, pp. 6-20.
Podrazik M., Lojalność i zdrada dowódców oraz dostojników w imperium Achemenidów za panowania Wielkiego Króla Artakserksesa II, “Studia Historica Gedanensia” 2021, 12, pp. 37-52.
Podrazik M., Rebellions against the Great King in the Achaemenid Empire: Some Remarks, “Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia” 2017, 8, pp. 277-291.
Podrazik M., Some Remarks on the Battle of Cunaxa (401 BC), “Res Historica” 2022, 53, pp. 25-44 [DOI: 10.17951/rh.2022.53.25-44].
Podrazik M., The King’s Horsemen in the Battle of Cunaxa, “Mnemosyne” 2023, 76 (5), pp. 749-768 [DOI: 10.1163/1568525X-BJA10138].
Podrazik M., Xenophon on the Achaemenid gerrhophoroi, “Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia” 2022, 11, pp. 39-59.
Proc B., Wstęp. In Plutarch z Cheronei, Żywot Artakserksesa, wstęp, tekst grecki, przekład, komentarz B. Proc, Lublin 2019, pp. 9-44.
Rop J., The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger, “Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies” 2019, 59, pp. 57-85.
Schmidt E.F., Persepolis II: Contests of the Treasury and Other Discoveries, Chicago 1957.
Sekunda N., The Persian Army 560-330 BC, London 1992.
Stylianou P.J., One Anabasis or Two? In R. Lane Fox (ed.), The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, New Haven - London 2004, pp. 68-96.
The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, ed. by S. Brennan and D. Thomas, New York 2021.
Thomas D., Appendix L: The Battle of Cunaxa. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 359-365.
Thomas D., Appendix M: Other Ancient Sources on the Ten Thousand. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 366-374.
Thomas D., Appendix W: Brief Biographies of Selected Characters in Anabasis. In S. Brennan and D. Thomas (eds.), The Landmark Xenophon’s Anabasis. A New Translation by David Thomas with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index, New York 2021, pp. 453-486.
Tuplin C., All the King’s Horse: in Search of Achaemenid Persian Cavalry. In G.G. Fagan and M. Trundle (eds.), New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, Leiden - Boston 2010, pp. 101-182.
Wójcikowski R.S., Kawaleria perska w okresie wczesnosasanidzkim. Aspekty społeczne i militarne. Tom I: Konnica w Iranie przed Sasanidami, Kampanie sasanidzkie, Oświęcim 2014.
Wójcikowski R.S., Konnica irańska w okresie późnoachemenidzkim. In E. Dąbrowa, M. Dzielska, M. Salamon, S. Sprawski (red.), Hortus Historiae. Księga pamiątkowa ku czci profesora Józefa Wolskiego w setną rocznicę urodzin, Kraków 2010, pp. 123-134.