Abstract
The considerations concern the international situation of Bithynia (especially the war with Pergamon) in the context of the possibility of determining the role of Hannibal, using the fullest possible view of the source presentation of Barcid and the reign of Prusias I. The author of the article reaches the conclusion that the political interests of the Carthaginian and the ruler of Bithynia coincided to some extent. Prusias I created the circumstances for Hannibal to enter the court in Bithynia, while the Carthaginian wanted to secure further political asylum for himself. In addition, Hannibal's actions may have been guided by the prospect of new successes in the fight against Rome's allies. Therefore, the sources record the Carthaginian's efforts to form a local coalition. The reality through which Hannibal's actions in Bithynia should be perceived is, above all, the war beetween Bithynia and Pergamon. In fact, Hannibal was the architect of Prusias I's plans – but within the limits clearly defined by the ruler.
References
- Alonso-Núñez J. M., An Augustan World History: The 'Historiae Philippicae' of Pompeius Trogus, „Greece & Rome” 34/1, 1987, s. 56-72.
- Barnes T. D., The Composition of Cassius Dio's "Roman History", „Phoenix” 38/3, 1984, s. 240-255.
- Barré M. L., The God-List Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia: A Study in the Light of the Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Tradition, Baltimore 1983.
- Bickerman E. J., An Oath of Hannibal, „Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association” 75, 1944, s. 87-102.
- Bickerman E. J, Hannibal's Covenant, „The American Journal of Philology” 73/1, 1952, s. 1-23.
- Bocker M., Aristoteles als Alexander Lehrer in der Legende, Bonn 1966 (Diss.).
- Brizzi G., Ancora su Annibale e l’ellenismo: la fondazione di Artaxata e l’iscrizione di Era Lacinia, w: Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici (Roma, 5-10 novembre 1979), vol. I, Roma 1983, 243-251.
- Charles-Picard G., Hannibal hegemon hellénistique, „Rivista Storica Antichita” 1985 13/14, s. 75-81.
- Christ K., Zur Beurteilung Hannibals, w: Hannibal (Wege der Forschung), ed. K. Christ, Darmstadt 1974, s. 361-407.
- Chroust A.-H., 1973, Was Aristotle Actually the Chief Preceptor of Alexander the Great? w: Aristotle: New Light on Life and on Some of His Lost Works: Some Novel interpretations of the Man and His Life, ed. A.-H. Chroust, Notre Dame 1973 , s. 125-132.
- Chroust A.-H., Internationale Verträge in der Antike. Die diplomatischen Verhandlungen zwischen Hannibal und Philipp V von Makedonia, w: Hannibal, ed. K. Christ, Darmstadt 1974, s. 275-334.
- Dmitriev S., Memnon on the Siege of Heraclea Pontica by Prusias I and the War between the Kingdoms of Bithynia and Pergamum, „The Journal of Hellenic Studies” 127, 2007, s. 133-138.
- Eckstein A. M., Rome, the War with Perseus, and Third Party Mediation, „Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte” 37/4, 1988, s. 414-444.
- Gabrielsen V., The Naval Aristocracy of Hellenistic Rhodes, Aarhus 1997.
- Gruen E., The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1984.
- Gruen E. S., Hellenistic Kingship: Puzzles, Problems and Possibilities, w: Aspects of Hellenistic Kingship (Studies in Hellenistic Civilization VII), ed. P. Bilde, T. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Hannestad, J. Zahle, Aarhus 1996, s. 116-125.
- Günther L. M., Hannibal im Exil: seine antirömische und die römische Gegenwahrnehmung, w: Proceedings of the Conference held in Antwerp from 23 th to 26 th of November 1988 in cooperation with the Department of History of the ‘Universiteit Antwerpen’ (U.F.S.I.A.), ed. H. Devijver, E. Lipiński, Leuven 1989, s. 241-250.
- Günther L. M., Hannibal ein biografisches Porträt, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010.
- Habicht C., Prusias I, „Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumwissenschaft” 23.1, Stuttgart 1975, kol. 1086-1107.
- Händl-Sagawe U., Der Beginn des 2. Punischen Krieges. Ein historisch-kritischer Kommentar zu Livius Buch 21, München 1995.
- Hoffmann W., Hannibal, Göttingen 1961.
- Hoyos D., What Kind of Genius?, „Greece & Rome”, 1983, 30/2, s.
- Hoyos D., Hannibal Rome’s Greatest Enemy, Exeter 2008.
- Jones A. H. M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971.
- Ma J., Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, Oxford 1999.
- Magie D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton 1950.
- Mantel N., Der Bündnisvertrag Hannibals mit Philipp V. von Makedonien. Anmerkungen zur Verknüpfung des Zweiten Makedonischen Krieges mit dem Zweiten Punischen Krieg bei Livius, w: Rom und der Griechische Osten. Festschrift für H. Schmitt zum 65. Geburtstag dargebracht von Schüllern, Freunden und Münchener Kollegen, ed. Ch. Schubert, K. Brodersen, Stuttgart 1995, s. 175-186.
- Meischke K., Zur Geschichte des Königs Eumenes II. von Pergamon, Pirna 1905.
- Meister K., Historische Kritik bei Polybios, Wiesbaden 1975.
- McShane R. B., The Foreign Policy of the Attalids of Pergamum, Urbana 1964.
- Meyer E., Die Grenzen der hellenistischen Staaten in Kleinasien, Leipzig 1925.
- Miles R., Carthage Must be Destroyed. The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Mediterranean Civilization, Allen Lane 2010.
- Miles R., Hannibal and Propaganda, w: A Companion to the Punic Wars, ed. D. Hoyos, Malden 2011.
- Momigliano A., Alien wisdom. The limits of Hellenization, Cambridge-London-New York-Melbourne 1975.
- Mulligan B., Cornelius Nepos – Life of Hannibal. Latin Text, Notes, Maps, Illustrations and Vocabulary, Cambridge 2015.
- Paganoni E., Forging the Crown. A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from its Origin to Prusias I, Roma-Bristol 2015.
- Passerini A., L’ultimo piano di Annibale e un testimonianza di Ennio, „Athenaeum” 11, 1933, s. 10-28.
- Pédech P., La méthode historique de Polybe, Paris 1964.
- Plezia M., Aristoteles gegenüber der Monarchie Alexander der Großen, w: Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Budapest 1968, s. 84-89.
- Preaux C., La monde hellénistique: la Grèce el l’Orient (323-146 av. J.-C), vol. I, Paris 1978.
- Pryzwansky M., Cornelius Nepos: Key Issues and Critical Approaches, „Classical Journal” 105.2, 2009-2010, s. 99-108.
- Radt S. (Hrsg.), Strabons Geographika mit Übersetzung und Kommentar (herausgegeben von S. Radt), Bd. VII, Buch IX-XIII: Kommentar, Göttingen 2008.
- Seibert J., Hannibal, Darmstadt 1993.
- Seibert J., Forschungen zu Hannibal, Darmstadt 1993.
- Stähelin F., Geschichte der Kleinasiatischen Galater bis zur Errichtung der römischen Provinz Asia (Diss.), Basel 1897.
- Swain S., Plutarch’s „Philopoemen and Flamininus”, „Illinois Classical Studies” 13/2, 1988, s. 335-347.
- Titchener F., Cornelius Nepos and the Biographical Tradition, „Greece & Rome” 50.1, 2002, s. 85-99.
- Vitucci G., II regno di Bitinia, Rome 1953.
- Walbank F. W., A Historical Commentary on Polybius, vol. I, Oxford, 1957.
- Walbank F. W., Polybius, London 1972.
- Wolny M., Hannibal’s Oath before Expedition to Gades (237 B.C.) – Functions and Way of Reception, „Antiquitas“ 28, 2005, s. 27-31.
- Wolny M., Działalność urbanizacyjna Pyrrusa w Epirze – cassus Beronikidy i Antigonei, „Echa Przeszłości” 20/1, 2019.
- Wolny M., Ariston de Tyr –messager ou complice d'Hannibal? Récits de Trogue Pompée, Tite-Live et Appien, w: ANTIQUITAS AETERNA: Classical Studies Dedicated to Leszek Mrozewicz on his 70th Birthday, red. K. Balbuza, M. Duch, Z. Kaczmarek, K. Królczyk, A. Tatarkiewicz (Philippika Altertumswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 153), Wiesbaden 2021, s. 507-514.
- Wolny M., Wyróżnienie bogini Tanit przez Barkidów (237-201 p.n.e.)?, „Echa Przeszłości“ 23/2, 2022, s. 9-29.
- Wolny M. Silenus of Kale Akte and the propaganda process of building Hannibals image, „Echa Przeszłości” 24/1, 2023, s. 11-25.
- Wolny M., Commemorando grandi successi al momento della sconfitta: Annibale a Capo Colonna, w: Marciando con Annibale : l'itinerario italiano delle truppe cartaginesi dal trasimeno a Capo Colonna (atti delle Giornate di Studio Roma, 24-25 gennaio 2023), red. F. Ceci, G. Mandatori, L. I. Manfredi, Roma 2023, s. 205-211.
- Wolny M., Greek elements of Hannibal's military education, „Echa Przeszłości” 25/1, 2024 (w druku).
- Wood F. M., The Tradition of Flamininus' "Selfish Ambition" in Polybius and Later Historians, „Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association” 70, 1939, s. 93-103.