Abstract
One of the most fascinating and provocative figures in history is Akhenaten, who has captured the imagination like no other Egyptian pharaoh. Popularly known as a 'heretic,' King Akhenaten sought to impose his personal vision on Egypt, particularly in the city he founded, which he named Akhetaten ('the Horizon of the Aten'; modern Tell el-Amarna), and on its people by promoting the primary object of attention, the sun god Aten.
The results of the latest archaeological work at the site, especially in the part of the Great Temple of Aten ('House of the Aten'), in the opinion of Barry Kemp, have provided a more diverse perspective on the true nature of King Akhenaten's Atenism.
References
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Assman, J. (2021) Od Achenatona do Mojżesza. Starożytny Egipt a przemiany religijne, przekład F. Taterka, Warszawa.
Angenot, V. (2008) A Horizon of Aten in Memphis? “Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities” 35, s. 1-20.
Dijk, J. van (2003) The Amarna Period and Later New Kingdom, [w:] Shaw I. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, red. I. Shaw, Oxford 2003, s. 265-307.
Grimal, N. (2004) Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu, przeł. A. Łukaszewicz, Warszawa 2004.
Hill, M. (2018) The Petrie-Carter Statuary Fragments from the Sanctuary Zone of the Great Aten Temple – The decoration of Amarna sacred architecture [w:] M. Gabolde and R. Vergnieux (red.), Les édifices du règne d’Amenhotep IV – Akhénaton – Urbanisme et Révolution: colloque, Montpellier, 18-19 novembre 2011. CENiM 20: 53-85.
Hoffmeier, K. J. (2015) Akhenaten, His Religion and the Origins of Monotheism, Oxford.
Hornung, E. (1992) The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His Place in Religion, “Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt” 29, 43-49.
Jędraszek, S. (2018) Kilka refleksji na temat natury sztuki Amarny, [w:] Estetyka w Archeologii: Obrazowanie W Pradziejach i Starożytności. Estetyka w archeologii: obrazowanie w pradziejach i starożytności. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku, red. D. Minta-Tworzowska Gdańsk, s. 83-116.
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Jędraszek, S. (2021) Wielka Świątynia Atona – wybrane problemy interpretacyjne. „Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia 67, s. 45-55.
Jędraszek, S. (2020) Ekskluzywizm w religii Atona, „Przegląd Religioznawczy” 4, 278, s. 13-28.
Jędraszek, S. (2020). Amarnamania. Z książką w podróży do El-Amarny, [w:] Podróż z książką w ręku, red.: M. Nowak, I. Sakowicz-Tebinka, & M. Petelska, Gdańsk, s. 229–252.
Krauss, R. (2000) Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist? “Bulletin of the Australian Centre of Egyptology 11, s. 93-101.
Kemp, J.B. (1994) Food for an Egyptian city, [w:] R. Luff, P. Rowley-Conwy, (red.), Whither Environmental Archaeology? Oxford, s. 133–153.
Kemp, B. (2012) The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London.
Kemp, B. (2015) The House of the Aten, Horizon 15, 2015, s. 1-7.
Kemp, B. (2015a) Further work at the Great Aten Temple, “Horizon” 16, s. 2-3,
Kemp, B. (2015b) Ancient Egypt. All that Matters, London 2015b.
Kemp, B. (2017) Discoveries at the Great Aten Temple, “The Akhetaten Sun” 23,2, s. 2-18.
Kemp, B., Docherty, P. (2018) The solar observation and offering platform at the front of the Great Aten Temple, The Akhetaten Sun 24, 2, s. 7-16.
Kemp, B. (2018) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation (3rd ed.), New York.
Kemp, B. (2018a) Further results from work at the Great Aten Temple (with a contribution by Marc Gabolde). “The Akhetaten Sun” 24, no. 1, ss. 25-35.
Kemp, B. (2019) Versions of Akhenaten, “The Akhetaten Sun” 25, no. 2, ss. 7-19.
Kemp, B. (2021) Amarna, autumn 2019 and the year 2020, “Horizon” 21, s. 3-7.
Kemp, B. (2021a) British Mission to Tell el-Amarna Great Aten Temple, Report on Recent Work (February–March 2021), March 25th,
Kemp, B. (2023a) The Great Aten Temple East Gateway, second season, “Horizon” nr. 23, s. 30-38.
Kemp, B. (2023) The great Aten Temple, [w:] (eds), Amarna — City of the Sun God, Exhibition catalogue, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, red.: T. Bagh, A. Manly, Copenhagen s. 35-45.
Pendlebury, J. D. S. (1951) The city of Akhenaten. Part III, the central city and the official quarters: the excavations at Tell el-Amarna during the seasons 1926-1927 and 1931-1936, London.
Petrie Flinders, M. W. (1894) Tell el-Amarna, London.
Shaw, I. (1994) Balustrades, Stairs and Altars in the Cult of the Aten at el-Amarna. “The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology”, 80, s. 109-127.
Stevens, (2003) A. The Material evidence for Domestic Religion at Amarna and Preliminary Remarks on its Interpretation, “The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology” 89, 2003, s. 143-168.
Stevens, A. (2006) Private religion at Amarna. The Material evidence, Oxford.
Stevens, A. (2015) Visibility, Private Religion, and the Urban Landscape of Amarna. W: (red.), Seen & unseen spaces (Archaeological reviews from Cambridge v.30.1), Cambridge, United Kingdom: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, July 2015 (for April 2015), red. M. Dalton, G. Peters. A. Tavares, Cambridge.
Zivie-Coche Ch., Dunand F. (2004) Gods and men in Egypt: 3,000 BCE to 395 CE, Ithaca.
Assman, J. (2021) Od Achenatona do Mojżesza. Starożytny Egipt a przemiany religijne, przekład F. Taterka, Warszawa.
Angenot, V. (2008) A Horizon of Aten in Memphis? “Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities” 35, s. 1-20.
Dijk, J. van (2003) The Amarna Period and Later New Kingdom, [w:] Shaw I. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, red. I. Shaw, Oxford 2003, s. 265-307.
Grimal, N. (2004) Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu, przeł. A. Łukaszewicz, Warszawa 2004.
Hill, M. (2018) The Petrie-Carter Statuary Fragments from the Sanctuary Zone of the Great Aten Temple – The decoration of Amarna sacred architecture [w:] M. Gabolde and R. Vergnieux (red.), Les édifices du règne d’Amenhotep IV – Akhénaton – Urbanisme et Révolution: colloque, Montpellier, 18-19 novembre 2011. CENiM 20: 53-85.
Hoffmeier, K. J. (2015) Akhenaten, His Religion and the Origins of Monotheism, Oxford.
Hornung, E. (1992) The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His Place in Religion, “Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt” 29, 43-49.
Jędraszek, S. (2018) Kilka refleksji na temat natury sztuki Amarny, [w:] Estetyka w Archeologii: Obrazowanie W Pradziejach i Starożytności. Estetyka w archeologii: obrazowanie w pradziejach i starożytności. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku, red. D. Minta-Tworzowska Gdańsk, s. 83-116.
Jędraszek, S. (2017) Religia domowa w el-Amarnie, [w:] Florilegium. Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Aleksandrowi Krawczukowi z okazji dziewięćdziesiątej piątej rocznicy urodzin, red. E. Dąbrowy, T. Grabowskiego, M. Piegdonia, Kraków, s. 23-34.
Jędraszek, S. (2021) Wielka Świątynia Atona – wybrane problemy interpretacyjne. „Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia 67, s. 45-55.
Jędraszek, S. (2020) Ekskluzywizm w religii Atona, „Przegląd Religioznawczy” 4, 278, s. 13-28.
Jędraszek, S. (2020). Amarnamania. Z książką w podróży do El-Amarny, [w:] Podróż z książką w ręku, red.: M. Nowak, I. Sakowicz-Tebinka, & M. Petelska, Gdańsk, s. 229–252.
Krauss, R. (2000) Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist? “Bulletin of the Australian Centre of Egyptology 11, s. 93-101.
Kemp, J.B. (1994) Food for an Egyptian city, [w:] R. Luff, P. Rowley-Conwy, (red.), Whither Environmental Archaeology? Oxford, s. 133–153.
Kemp, B. (2012) The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London.
Kemp, B. (2015) The House of the Aten, Horizon 15, 2015, s. 1-7.
Kemp, B. (2015a) Further work at the Great Aten Temple, “Horizon” 16, s. 2-3,
Kemp, B. (2015b) Ancient Egypt. All that Matters, London 2015b.
Kemp, B. (2017) Discoveries at the Great Aten Temple, “The Akhetaten Sun” 23,2, s. 2-18.
Kemp, B., Docherty, P. (2018) The solar observation and offering platform at the front of the Great Aten Temple, The Akhetaten Sun 24, 2, s. 7-16.
Kemp, B. (2018) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation (3rd ed.), New York.
Kemp, B. (2018a) Further results from work at the Great Aten Temple (with a contribution by Marc Gabolde). “The Akhetaten Sun” 24, no. 1, ss. 25-35.
Kemp, B. (2019) Versions of Akhenaten, “The Akhetaten Sun” 25, no. 2, ss. 7-19.
Kemp, B. (2021) Amarna, autumn 2019 and the year 2020, “Horizon” 21, s. 3-7.
Kemp, B. (2021a) British Mission to Tell el-Amarna Great Aten Temple, Report on Recent Work (February–March 2021), March 25th,
Kemp, B. (2023a) The Great Aten Temple East Gateway, second season, “Horizon” nr. 23, s. 30-38.
Kemp, B. (2023) The great Aten Temple, [w:] (eds), Amarna — City of the Sun God, Exhibition catalogue, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, red.: T. Bagh, A. Manly, Copenhagen s. 35-45.
Pendlebury, J. D. S. (1951) The city of Akhenaten. Part III, the central city and the official quarters: the excavations at Tell el-Amarna during the seasons 1926-1927 and 1931-1936, London.
Petrie Flinders, M. W. (1894) Tell el-Amarna, London.
Shaw, I. (1994) Balustrades, Stairs and Altars in the Cult of the Aten at el-Amarna. “The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology”, 80, s. 109-127.
Stevens, (2003) A. The Material evidence for Domestic Religion at Amarna and Preliminary Remarks on its Interpretation, “The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology” 89, 2003, s. 143-168.
Stevens, A. (2006) Private religion at Amarna. The Material evidence, Oxford.
Stevens, A. (2015) Visibility, Private Religion, and the Urban Landscape of Amarna. W: (red.), Seen & unseen spaces (Archaeological reviews from Cambridge v.30.1), Cambridge, United Kingdom: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, July 2015 (for April 2015), red. M. Dalton, G. Peters. A. Tavares, Cambridge.
Zivie-Coche Ch., Dunand F. (2004) Gods and men in Egypt: 3,000 BCE to 395 CE, Ithaca.